Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Essay -- Muscle Disorder Psuedohypertrophi

Duchenne's muscular dystrophy, also known as psuedohypertrophic muscular dystrophy, is a typical sex-linked disorder in which the muscles degenerate throughout a person's life. It literally means "faulty nutrition of the muscles." Muscular Dystrophy has no cures, and this particular type of muscular dystrophy affects only males. One in 3,500 baby boys are born with this disorder and survival is rare beyond the early 30s, death is usually caused by a respiratory disease. (ygyh.org) Duchenne's muscular dystrophy is named after the French neurologist, Guillaume B. A. Duchenne, who lived from 1806 to 1875. In 1861 he became the first person to describe the disorder. In 1951 Elizabeth Shull Russell, an American geneticist, accidentally observed Duchenne's muscular dystrophy in a colony of mice with which she was working. Over a number of years she discovered that muscular dystrophy was a sex linked trait contained on the x-chromosome. (Narins, 798.) Sex-linked disorders only affect males and are passed down through female carriers. A boy inherits the disorder when he receives an X chromosome with a mutated dystrophin gene (the genetic cause) from his mother. The dystrophin gene is the largest gene found in nature and was identified through a positional cloning approach. It's a highly complex gene, a large rod-like cytoskeletal protein which is found at the inner surface of muscle fibers. (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) Three different tests are used to determine if a male has Duchenne's muscular dystrophy. A CPK (also known as a CK) assay will detect muscle damage, but not the source. CPK is an abbreviation for Creatine Kinase Assay, which is essentially a blood test. Muscle biopsies are also common, a needle is inserted... ...nerated and replaced by fat. Recently, specific compounds in the oil have been identified, they produce regeneration that is even more amazing than that produced by the oil itself. (Gerras, 1056) This form of MD is normally appears in males, but there are a few extremely rare cases where it has appeared in females. Most of the statistics found only dealt with Duchenne muscular dystrophy in the U.S., so it is assumed that the disorder is more prominent in the United States. Also, there was no evidence that it affected any race more than another. (www.ygyh.org) Concluding, Duchenne?s muscular dystrophy is an excellent example of a sex-linked disease. Unfortunately, there is no cure but research is being used to find more effective treatments. Most deaths caused by the disorder aren?t directly due to the muscles, but due to a respiratory disease or disorder.

Christianity and Islam Essay

Judaism is the Jewish religion. It is one of the oldest of the great world religions, and is the mother religion of both Christianity and Islam. Judaism was not founded by one towering personality, as were most other religions. Abraham and Moses are not regarded as founders. Abraham was the â€Å"father of the Hebrew people† and Moses was the â€Å"law-giver†. I had the chance to interview Gary Austein. This interview was done for me to know the idea or perspective of a believer regarding his faith in his religion and that concerns his spiritual life. During the interview I asked Gary Austein the important holidays and traditions of this religion. He answered â€Å"The important holidays and tradition of Judaism are Yom Kippur. Rosh Hashana and the Passover. The holiest day in the Jewish calendar is Yom Kippur, the Day of Atonement. This day is set aside to repent for the sins of the previous year. It is a day when any adult who has been Bar/Bat Mitzvah’s (age 12-13) fasts and reflects on the past year and asks God for forgiveness. Rosh Hashana is the previous weeks and is the Jewish New Year. Passover is in the spring and it is a time when Jews cannot eat unleavened bread reflecting on the Israelites exodus from Egypt. † When I asked him on how Judaism has shaped his life? And I quote â€Å"Religion defines who I am as a person. I would say I am a Jew first and an American second, that is how important it is to me. My value and belief system is a product of my Jewish identity and upbringing. My adult life has brought my Judaism more into my life than ever as I now have a Jewish home, Jewish wife and child on the way. I also work at a Jewish Day School so I am always reminded of my Jewish identity as both my professional and personal life revolves around my religion. † What are the challenges, if any, to practicing this particular religion? Jews throughout the world are always a target of anti-Semitism. This is a fact that they accepted and so with other families. It is scary that millions upon millions of people have been murdered because of their belief in Judaism. Between the Holocausts, pogroms in Russia, and terrorist’s attacks, an astounding amount of Jews have died because of their belief. Society is not very conducive for an observant Jewish lifestyle; Jews are supposed to observe the Sabbath (Friday night to Saturday night) and are not supposed to drive, work, spend money, etc. A lot happens on the weekends so this is difficult. Also if you keep Kosher (Jewish dietary restrictions) it is difficult to eat out as the vast majority of food and restaurants are not kosher. What are the false impression people have about Judaism? People have much false impression about Judaism. A lack of understanding and acceptance has led to misconceptions, not only of Judaism, but throughout the world. People need to always remind themselves that both Christianity and Islam were born from Judaism. Both religions accept the Torah (the Jewish Bible, also referred to at the Old Testament) as the word of God and credit Judaism for the birth of their respective religions. If people are more aware of this people then maybe open to differences of people. Judaism has clung to a number of religious principles, how important are they to your belief and values? Judaism defines who a Jew is; they wear it as a badge of honor. For them it is amazing that time still honors traditions that are still practiced at present. Something like male circumcision is the oldest religious tradition in the world today. It is amazing that it has lasted for thousands of years. It shows the resiliency and the testament of the Jewish faith that they are able to continue throughout the generations. What events and figures have shaped the faith of Judaism? Judaism has greatly shaped his life as a Jew. And it is through the people around that have helped him a lot in his Religious belief. His parents gave him his Jewish identity and the friends of his family have nurtured it. His best friend who is a rabbinical student has been very influential in shaping his Jewish identity. His marriage also shaped his Jewish identity as his wife converted to Judaism which has given him a newfound zeal and love for his religion. His study of Holocaust has been a dramatic part of his Jewish identity. Finally his visits to Israel, the Jewish state has given him a unique pride in his homeland. There are many Jewish denominations. To want certain extent the philosophies of these movements have shaped the reaction to one another? He considers himself a Conservative Jew which is best classified as the middle of the road. For the most part, Jews of different backgrounds are fairly understanding and respectful of the traditions and practices of other sects of Judaism, with the exception of the ultra-Orthodox movement. He believes that if you are a Jewish according to the laws and traditions of Moses then it does not matter how you practice as long as you believe it in your heart. However, he believes that there are certain misinterpretations some of the other sects have undertaken, but that is not something that he could be worried or be burden about. Judaism has been the common bond of the Jewish people. It is the foundation of their culture and the reason for the creation of Israel, the Jewish State. Israel is the most important tangible asset they have and something that must be protected at all costs. Judaism is the reason the Jewish people have and are persecuted, yet is the belief and intangible asset that keeps them together as a people. According to Jewish tradition, the history of Judaism begins with the Covenant between God and Abraham. What is the Covenant? â€Å"The Covenant is the â€Å"agreement† between God and Abraham, the patriarch of the Jewish people, that the Jews will be â€Å"the chosen people. † This is a fact that is accepted by both Christians and Muslims alike. This covenant was symbolized by Abraham being circumcised and is something that is required for all Jewish males a week after they are born†. Judaism is different from many religions, how does differ? He answered, â€Å"This is a common misconception. All three of the major monotheistic religions, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam have more similarities than differences. Their major prophets are the same; their historical texts are born out of the Jewish Bible, and their belief in one all powerful, all knowing, and benevolent God is distinct commonalities. They all practice and worship God in different ways, but when it comes down to it, they were all born from Abraham and Sarah, meaning they are all brothers and sisters†. The interview taught me the importance of having respect for other’s faith and beliefs. It is also important that any individual must know the values that the other people in the society portrays because that is how they were brought up with especially with regards to their religion. My experience during the interview was worth it, I learned a lot especially coming from a devoted person. What he shared to me were the same with the information’s in the textbook we used in the class.

Inequality On The Basis Of Race, Class, Sex, And Resource...

Inequality on the basis of race, class, sex/gender, and sexuality is maintained in a variety of ways and contexts in the education system. This institution functions through several strategies to contain these common imbalances in society. The leading issue for this division is on the basis of its individual structure within the system. For example, Jonathan Kozol demonstrates that â€Å"the divergent experiences of students in a resource-rich and resource-poor educational systems demonstrates a difference in the distribution of cultural capital† (Ore 226). For students, cultural capital is crucial to seek opportunities and succeed in the future. Therefore, those who lack this asset are often set up with more disadvantages than those who are raised in a resource-rich class; thus, contributing to the general gap between the middle and working class students. The concept of cultural capital extends to the disproportions of the racial structures. Kozol states that in addition to these economic disparities, â€Å"schools with fewer economic resources, which are often disproportionately attended by African American, Latina/o, or Native American students, are less able to provide students with what is viewed by the dominant culture as important cultural capital† (Ore 226). In this sense, the inequalities maintained in both class in race are interconnected. Students who can’t afford cultural capital (i.e., working class and/or racial minority) are set at disadvantages. Those who attendShow MoreRelatedEssay about The Status of Single Mothers1651 Words   |  7 PagesThere is a stigma associated with women that are supported by government aid, especially single mothers. The women on welfare are often treated poorly because people think they are ‘working the system’. Tax payers feel as if the single mothers on welfare perpetuated their own poverty by having children that they cannot support, just for a bigger welfare check. 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Overview of the Family in the Mockumentary Modern Family...

The Modern Mockumentary The average family: a married man and women, 2.5 children, with a beautiful home that has a white picket fence and a dog. However, this â€Å"average† family image has changed drastically over the past decade particularly with the acceptance of gay marriage and green cards that are easier to obtain; this has had a substantial influence not only on our society but leverage on social media. An example of this changed media dynamic is displayed through the comedic mockumentary, Modern Family. Within this fictional, interview style comedy series, three families that are extremely stereotypical, live their interrelated lives. The series follows these three families, an â€Å"average† American family featuring a married†¦show more content†¦Each family, when dissected, is built up on stereotypes to â€Å"mock† the dynamic. The â€Å"average† family that consist of Phil and Claire have typical jobs, Phil, who is a real estate rep, and Claire, a stay at home mom. Their three teenage children, Hailey, a typical high school girl obsessed with boys and strictly only concerned with her looks, the middle child, Alex, that is only focused on school and couldn’t be more opposite than Hailey, and youngest and only son, Luke that is struggling to fit in with the family being the only son. Phil’s attempt to be a â€Å"cool dad† comes off of a trying-to-hard father who cares strongly that his kids like him. Through the mockumentary style of filming the audience is able to gain insight on the challenges that come with working, parenting and growing up which are the â€Å"typical† struggles of almost any family. However, with a gay couple in the mix, it hits a broader spectrum which sheds light and attention to the entire LGBT community. Mitchell and Cameron, with their adopted child Lilly, easily have overlapping challenges in life, but through a different dynamic. Mitchell and Came ron, through their fictional interview, describe their daily challenges of work, parenting and Lilly growing up, but in addition to their challenge being gay. Since the gay community is growing and legalization of marriage has been successful in select states, the region of homosexuality is growing and

The Poverty Of The United States - 1486 Words

America is one of the wealthiest nations in the world with having a high inequality than other industrialized countries. Inequality exists in income, wealth, power and education. People who are legally and socially poor in the United States tend to stay in a cycle through life, not always by choice, but because they are given less opportunities, education and tools to achieve their success. The poverty stricken class has a significantly larger income gap than the upper class, the American Dream is weakened through opportunity and is shown through statistics. Inequality exists and is high in America due to the amount of income and wealth that is distributed through power. In America the income distribution is very inequality and the value†¦show more content†¦Power shows how these â€Å"values† are not distributed equally in American society. Large gains for the rich include cuts in capital gains when tax rates decrease for the small percent of Americans where income i s redistributed. Taxes directly affect the wealth and income of Americans every year. That is of course, those who actually pay their taxes. â€Å"For most Americans, the word ‘poverty’ suggests destitution: an inability to provide a family with nutritious food, clothing, and reasonable shelter† (Rector, 2007). Poverty can be socially defined through deprivation of education, food, good water, sanitation, and health care regardless of one’s income. The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services periodically updates poverty guidelines and depending on what state you live in, the guidelines range. In 2009, the poverty threshold â€Å"for a family of five is $25,790† (Services, 2009). The federal poverty levels are measured through the poverty guidelines and to determine financial eligibility is done through poverty thresholds. The poverty rate has many variations between ethnic and racial subgroups. â€Å"In 2009, 25.8% blacks and 25.3% of Hispanics were poor, compared to 9.4% of non-Hispanic whites and 12.5% of Asians† (Michigan, 2006). Black or Hispanic families headed by single women are statistically higher in poverty than of families headed by single men or married couples.

Street Racing and Li Ping Wong Free Essays

I INTRODUCTON Street racing has long been identified as a threat to civil society with significant social and economic impact. Street racing threatens the lives of other road users and causes unnecessary nuisance to the public. There are several ways to prevent teenagers from being involved in illegal racing are parents need to play their role, organizing campaigns and talks, and creating legal racing area. We will write a custom essay sample on Street Racing and Li Ping Wong or any similar topic only for you Order Now II BODY A. One ways to prevent teenagers from being involved in illegal racing are parents need to play their role. 1. Family socio economic status and family structure may influence an adolescent risk taking behaviours (Li Ping Wong, 2011) a. Parents must give attention to their teenagers. b. Parental support,monitoring and strict rules and attitudes according to Li Ping Wong. 2. Parents should also spend more time with teenagers a. Give more attention. B. Another ways is organizing campaign and talks. 1. Government should hold campaigns and talks about road safety at school and public area. a. Contain with information that tells about the effects of illegal racing. 2. Organizers of the campaigns bring along former street racer. a. Talks about the disadvantages and the effect of illegal racing. b. Make teenagers realize the dangers of illegal racing. C. One other ways is creating legal racing area 1. Collaboration with other organization, a legal racing venue (Kenny J.Peak, 2004) a. Divert a safer racing environment b. Experience the positive expect of legal racing. 2. Participant rules should be in place a. Posses a valid driver licence and vehicle insurance b. Submit to safety inspections III CONCLUSION Illegal racing is associated with a variety of participants, parents and family characteristics. Government also should take action by preventing this problem become worst. Parents need to play their role, organizing campaigns and talks, and creating legal racing area for seems to be the ways to prevent teenagers from being involved in illegal racing. How to cite Street Racing and Li Ping Wong, Papers

Determination of Protein Content Using Kjedahl and Titration free essay sample

1. 0 Title Determination of Protein Content Using Kjedahl and Titration 2. 0 Introduction Proteins are polymers. They are the source of dietary amino acids and are used for growth and maintenance of living systems. They are costlier sources of energy compared to carbohydrates and fats and hence the human body utilizes proteins mainly for biosynthesis rather than as an energy source, though the energy yield is 5 kcal/g of protein. Twenty different types of amino acids occur naturally in proteins. Proteins differ from each other according to the type, number and sequence of amino acids that make up the polypeptide backbone. As a result they have different molecular structures, nutritional attributes and physiochemical properties. Typically, proteins are used as gelling agents, emulsifiers, foaming agents and thickeners. Many food proteins are enzymes which are capable of enhancing the rate of certain biochemical reactions. These reactions can have either a favorable or detrimental effect on the overall properties of foods. We will write a custom essay sample on Determination of Protein Content Using Kjedahl and Titration or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Food analysts are interested in knowing the total concentration, type, molecular structure and functional properties of proteins in foods. In this experiment, the methods that are used to determined the protein content which is Kjedahl and titration methods. The Kjeldahl method of nitrogen analysis is the worldwide standard for calculating the protein content in a variety of materials from human and animal food, fertilizer, waste water and fossil fuels. This method is an analytical method to quantitatively determine the nitrogen in certain organic compounds. A food is digested with strong acid so that it releases nitrogen which can be determined by a suitable titration technique. The amount of protein present is then calculated from the nitrogen concentration of the food. In the Kjedahl method, there are three principles involved which are digestion, neutralization and titration. The first step is digestion. The sample to be analyzed is weighed into a digestion flask then digested by heating it in the presence of sulphuric acid (an oxidizing agent which digests the food), anhydrous sodium sulfate to speed up the reaction by raising the boiling point) and a catalyst (for example copper, selenium, titanium or mercury that used to speed up the reaction). This step also converts any nitrogen in the food into ammonia, and other organic matter to carbon dioxide and water. Ammonia gas is not liberated in an acid solution because the ammonia is in the form of the ammonium ion (NH4+) which binds to the sulfate ion (SO42-). The remains in the solu tion is N(food) (NH4)2SO4 The second step is neutralization. After the digestion has been completed the digestion flask is connected to a receiving flask by a tube. The solution in the digestion flask is then made alkaline by addition of sodium hydroxide, which converts the ammonium sulfate into ammonia gas as in the equation: (NH4)2SO4 + 2 NaOH 2NH3 + 2H2O + Na2SO4 The ammonia gas that is formed is liberated from the solution after distillation and moves out of the digestion flask and into the receiving flask which contains an excess of boric acid. The low pH of the solution in the receiving flask converts the ammonia gas into the ammonium ion, and simultaneously converts the boric acid to the borate ion as in this equation: NH3  + H3BO3  (boric acid)   NH4+  + H2BO3-  (borate ion) The last step is titration. In this step, the nitrogen content is then estimated by titration of the ammonium borate formed with standard sulphuric or hydrochloric acid, using a suitable indicator to determine the end point of the reaction (H2BO3-  + H+  Ã‚  H3BO3). Then, the concentration of hydrogen ions required to reach the end point must be equivalent to the concentration of nitrogen that was in the original food. To determine the nitrogen concentration of a sample that weighs m grams using a xM HCl acid solution for the titration is based on the following equation: The advantages of using this Kjedahl method is its universality, high precision and good reproducibility have made it the major method for the estimation of protein in foods. This method also standard method and widely used internationally. While, the disadvantages are it does not give a measure of the true protein, since all nitrogen in foods is not in the form of protein. Different proteins need different correction factors because they have different amino acid sequences. The use of concentrated sulphuric acid at high temperatures poses a considerable hazard, as does the use of some of the possible catalyst and this method also consume long time to carry out this method. 3. 0 Objective To determine the protein content using the Kjedahl and titration method 4. 0Materials and Methods Materials: 40% NaOH, 1% Boric Acid, 10 ml Bromocresal green solution, 7ml methyl red solution, 0. 2N HCl, standard substance Na2CO3, dry Na2CO3 in 200oC, Ammonium iron (III) sulphate, 0. 5g (NH4)2 FeSO4, Kjeltabs Cu 3. 5, and concentrated H2SO4.